3.1+Hardware

LABELS for Hardware Devices - ITGS

- a circuit board with collection of electronic components. What does it do? e.g. Inside iMac
 * Motherboard **

- a processor that control and execute operations of all other parts of the computer system.... instructions. e.g. Itanium (Intel)
 * Central Processing Unit (CPU) **

- a circuit that contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer (computational components) e.g. CPU
 * Microprocessor **

- timing device that produces electrical pulses to synchronize the computer's operations - the operating speed of a computer or its microprocessor e.g. (picture) Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz): billions of clock cycles per second Terahertz (THz)
 * Clock Speed **

// PRIMARY STORAGE // - Memory read at high speed but not able to write or change information by program instructions e.g. inside programmed device (pocket calculator)
 * Read-only Memory (ROM) **

- store programs and data that need to be instantly accessible to the CPU but the information is not stored permanently. Volatile memory. e.g. the long bars on motherboard
 * Random-access Memory (RAM) **

// SECONDARY STORAGE // - uses laser beams to read and write bits of data on a reflective aluminum layer of the disk
 * Optical Disk **

- magnetically coated surface that can store encoded information; storage medium with random-access capability
 * Magnetic Disk **

- memory chip that can be written and erased rapidly and repeatedly with no moveable parts. e.g. Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive
 * Flash Memory **

- Bit: smallest unit of information a computer can process - Byte: group of 8 bits, work mostly with words - Kilobyte (kB): about 1000 bytes of information more exact - Megabyte (MB): about 1000KB (1 million bytes) - Gigabyte (GB): about 1000MB (1 billion bytes) - Terabyte (TB): about 1 million MB (1 trillion bytes) - Petabyte (PB): astronomical value is same as 1024TB (1 quadrillion bytes) - Exabyte (EB): about 1 billion GB, same as 1 million TB (1,000,000,000,000,000,000 B) - Zettabyte (ZB):10^21 bytes - Yottabyte (YB): 10^ 24 bytes

- the process of putting a sequence of characters into special format for transmission or storage purposes e.g.
 * Character encoding **

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Unicode: an international coding scheme that supports more than 100,000 unique characters that applies across different platforms and programs

- external device used to attach peripherals allowing a computer to communicate with external devices -
 * Ports **

e.g. sockets on the outside of computer chassis

- input device for entering data and commands into computer
 * Keyboards **

- a handheld input device that moves a pointer around the computer screen (when it is moved on a desktop or table)
 * Mice **

- small flat-panel pointing device that is sensitive to light pressure, user moves pointer by dragging finger or stylus across the pad
 * Touch pads **

- use reflected light to determine the location of pencil marks on standardized test answer sheets and similar forms
 * Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) **

- locating and identifying printed character embedded in an image, allowing the text to be stored as an editable document
 * Optical Character Recognition (OCR) **

- read those odd-shaped numbers printed with magnetic ink on checks
 * Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) **

- an instrument for converting sound waves into electrical energy variations that may be amplified transmitted or recorded.
 * Microphones **

- an electronic device that is capable of communicating with smart cards and a host such as computer
 * Smart Card Readers **

- a type of digital video cameras that is either attached to or built into computer monitor
 * Webcams **

- a camera that captures images and stores them as bit patterns on disks or other digital storage media instead of using film
 * Digital Cameras **

- a video camera that captures footage in digital form so that clips can be transferred to and from a computer for editing with no loss of quality
 * Digital Video Cameras **

// COMPOSITE DEVICE // - a device for providing input to computer games
 * Game Controllers **

// TOUCH-SENSITIVE DEVICES // - a computer input device in the form of a small panel containing different touch-sensitive areas
 * Pads **

- output device that produces paper copies of any information that can be displayed on the screen
 * Printers **

- output device that displays text and graphics onscreen
 * Monitors **

- an electro-acoustic transducer that converts electrical signals into sounds loud enough to be heard at a distance
 * Speakers **

- an object that is used to project rays of light with a system of lenses for projecting slides, film, or digital information onto a screen
 * Projectors **

- a type of optical disc that contains data that cannot be changed; commonly used to distribute commercial software programs. 700MB.
 * CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory) **

- a device capable of reading DVD. 4GB or 8GB
 * *DVD (Digital Versatile/Video Disk) Reader **

- rewritable DVD drives
 * DVD Burner **

- hardware address of a device connoted to a share network medium
 * MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) **

- numerical label assigned to host or network interface identification and location addressing - identify each computer attached to the Internet or Intranet
 * IP Address **

- a system for connecting a number of computer to form a local area networks
 * Ethernet **

- computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers
 * Peer to Peer (P2P) **

- a device that forwards data packets to appropriate parts of a computer network
 * Routers **

Switches
 * - a device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit **
 * - a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. **
 * - a device that channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output port that will take the data toward its intended destination **

Hubs
 * - used to connect several computers together **
 * e.g. used to connect segments of a LAN **

Optical Fibre
 * // CONNECTION TYPES //**
 * - a thin glass fibre through which light can be transmitted **

Cable
 * - an insulated wire or wires having protective casing use for transmitting electrify and telecommunication signals **

Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
 * - wireless local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet **

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax)
 * - a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access; long range mobile wireless network **

Bluetooth
 * - a standard for the short-range wireless interconnection of cellular phones, computers, and other electronic devices **

Microwave ** - an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength shorter than that of a normal radio wave but longer than those of infrared radiation - used in radar, in communications and for heating in microwave ovens and in various industrial processess