1.10+Standards+and+protocols


 * 1.10 Standards and protocols**

Standards and protocols are technical rules and conventions that enable compatibility and therefore facilitate communication or interoperability between different IT systems and their components. They might govern the design and use of hardware, software and information. For example, the communication protocols used on the internet, the ASCII representations for characters, or the design of the printer port on a personal computer are all governed by standards. Examples of Standards and Protocols (some we've already looked at in the hardware section). Explain what each of these are and provide an example.

Read How Internet Infrastructure Works


 * Ching Ting:**

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 * TCP/IP
 * The basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.
 * TCP: assemble a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message.
 * IP: handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination.
 * URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
 * A location or address identifying where documents can be found on the Internet.
 * Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 * The set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
 * File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 * Allows users to transfer file from one computer or system to another on Internet.
 * Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 * Delivers error and control messages from hosts to the requesters.
 * An ICMP test can determine whether a destination is reachable and responding.
 * User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 * An Internet protocol which transmits data packets without error checking.
 * Provide fast data transfer, but packets often lost, sent out of order and not sent entirely.
 * Post Office Protocol (POP3)*
 * A protocol for receiving e-mail by downloading it to your computer from a mailbox on the server of an Internet service provider.
 * Voice Over Internet Protocol
 * Technology that allows the use of a broadband Internet connection to make telephone calls.
 * IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol)*
 * A standard protocol for accessing e-mail from your local server. You can view just the heading and the sender of the letter then decide whether to download the mail.
 * Requires continual access to the server during the time that you are working with your mail.


 * Further questions:**


 * 1) What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? Why do we need IPv6?
 * 2) What is a "packet"? How and why are they used to send and receive information over the Internet? Packets are always involved on Internet. A packet usually is formatted in 8 bit - bytes. Each packet is sent in the best route available to make the network more efficient. It delivers data to the user. The data are source and destination addresses, errors and sequencing information.

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